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Mortgage glossary

Every term you'll encounter in the mortgage process — explained in plain English.

Amortization

The process of paying off a loan through regular payments. Early payments are mostly interest; later payments are mostly principal.

APR (Annual Percentage Rate)

The true yearly cost of a loan, including interest rate plus lender fees. Always compare APRs when shopping lenders.

Appraisal

An independent evaluation of a property's market value, required by lenders. Typically costs $400–$600.

Closing Costs

Fees paid at closing, typically 2–5% of the loan amount. Includes lender fees, title, appraisal, and prepaid items.

Conventional Loan

A mortgage not backed by the government. Requires higher credit scores but offers more flexibility in loan amounts and property types.

DTI (Debt-to-Income Ratio)

Your total monthly debt payments divided by gross monthly income. Most loans require under 43–50%.

Earnest Money

A deposit made with your offer to show the seller you're serious. Typically 1–3% of purchase price. Applied to your down payment at closing.

Escrow

A neutral third party that holds funds during a transaction. Also the account your lender maintains to pay property taxes and insurance.

FHA Loan

A government-backed mortgage insured by the FHA. Allows lower credit scores (580+) and smaller down payments (3.5%).

Fixed-Rate Mortgage

A loan where the interest rate stays the same for the entire term. Your principal and interest payment never changes.

Hard Inquiry

A credit check that briefly affects your score. Multiple mortgage inquiries within 45 days typically count as one.

Loan Estimate

A standardized 3-page document lenders must provide within 3 business days of your application. Use it to compare offers.

LTV (Loan-to-Value)

Your loan amount divided by the home's appraised value. 80% LTV or lower avoids PMI.

PMI (Private Mortgage Insurance)

Insurance required on conventional loans when you put less than 20% down. Cancels automatically at 20% equity.

Pre-Approval

A full review of your income, assets, and credit that results in a conditional commitment to lend. Sellers take this seriously.

Rate Lock

An agreement between you and the lender to hold a specific interest rate for a set period, protecting you from market movement.

Underwriting

The process a lender uses to evaluate the risk of making a loan. Involves verifying income, assets, credit, and property value.

VA Loan

A mortgage benefit for veterans and active-duty service members. Features $0 down, no PMI, and competitive rates.

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